Desciptive Text

Text description of the text that aims to describe an object, place, or a particular person.

• Descriptive text
Descriptive writing or text is usually also used to help writer develop an aspect of their work, e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader cancreate vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc.
• The sosial function
The social function of descriptive text is so describe a particular person, place, or things.

It has tehe following characteristic.
Feature:
 The topic is usually about the attributes of a thing
 Third person pronoun forms are used
 Fucus in specific participant
 Use simple present tense

The structure of the text descriptive:
 Identification : introduction of what and who will be in the description.
 Description : contains a special feature which is owned object, place, or person described.

Example:

My house is on Jalan Kartini.. It is big a nice. It has two floors. It has a living room, a small kitchen and a bathroom on the firs floor. On the second floor there are three bedrooms an a bathroom. My parents bedroom is big. My brother’s room is next to my room. My room is small but I like it.
It has light green wall. There is a desk with a computer on it. I do homework there. There is also a nice garden in front of my house and I often play in the garden. We love our house.

Prepotition In, On, At

Preposition Usage:

in You use ‘in’ with periods of times and places.
Ex :
Ω in May
Ω in winter
Ω in New York

on You use ‘on’ with specific days
Ex :
 on Sunday
 on June 7

NOTE : America English : on the weekend OR on Weekends

at You use ‘at’ with specific times and specific places
Ex :
 At 6 o’clock
 At 6.00 a.m
 At night
 At school

NOTE : British English : at the weekend OR at Weekends

Of Its mean belonging to, relating to, or being part of something.
You use ‘of’ with noun and –ing forms
Ex :
a. The legs of the table
b. Of studying

Off Ex :
a) Get off
b) Put off
c) Off the glass

After/before Ex :
 Before winter
 Before June
 After summer
 After lunch time

For Ex :
 For one hour
 For a week
 For ages

From Ex :
From india
From 7 a.m until 9 a.m

During Ex :
 During our holiday
 During at night

Vocabulary Around The House

Attic
• basement
• bathroom
• bathtub
• bed
• bedroom
• blanket
• book shelf
• ceiling
• chair
• chest of drawers
• closet
• coffee table
• couch
• cupboard
• desk
• door
• dryer
• entrance
• floor
• furniture
• garden
• hallway
• house
• kitchen
• living room
• microwave
• mirror
• oven
• pillow
• radio
• refrigerator
• rocking chair
• room
• sink
• stove
• table
• television
• toilet
• vacuum cleaner
• wall
• washer
• window
Other Rooms
Ballroom: A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room: A small room used for storage.
Cellar Underneath the house.
Cloakroom: A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory: A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room: A room where people eat.
Drawing Room: A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room: A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall The entrance passage to a house.
Larder: A small room used for the storage of food.
Library: A room where books are kept.
Lounge Another name for living room.
Music Room: A room where people play music.
Office A room where people work.
Pantry: A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room Another name for living room.
Spare Room/Guest Room: A room where guests sleep.
Toilet: A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)

Things you may find around the house

light bulb(s) plug(s) socket(s) torch(es)
ceiling light(s) lamp(s) curtain(s) lock(s)
key(s) shelf (shelves) (tele)phone(s) box(es)
plug(s) battery (batteries) photo(graph)(s)
Bathroom Furniture

chair(s) basin(s) bath(s) toilet(s) / loo(s)

Other things you may find in a bathroom
toilet roll(s) / loo roll(s) toilet brush(es) / loo brush(es) hairdryer (hairdriers) toothbrush(es)
shaving foam razor(s) toilet seat(s) / loo seat(s) bin(s)
towel(s)
Things we do in the bathroom
People have a shave in the bathroom.
People brush their teeth in the bathroom.
People take a shower in the bathroom

Bedroom Furniture

bed(s) bedside cabinet(s) bedside table(s)
dressing table(s) wardrobe(s) chest of drawer(s)
Other things you may find in a bedroom
brush(es) comb(s) hair dryer(s)
pillow(s) sheet(s) clothes
Things we do in the bedroom
People listen to music in the bedroom.
People sleep in the bedroom.
Living room furniture

settee(s) armchair(s) coffee table(s) display cabinet(s)
hifi stand(s) tv cabinet(s)
Other things you may in a living room
television(s) / TV(s) HiFi(s) speaker(s)
cushion(s) rug(s)

Things we do in the living room
People watch TV in the living room.
People sit and read a book in the living room.

Offering

Offering to older people:
Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
Should I get you a bottle of water?
Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
Would you care for some salad?

Accepting an offer:
Thank you
Yes, please
I’d like it very much
Thank you, I would
That would be very nice

Declining an offer:
No, thanks.
No, I really won’t. Thank you.
Not for me, thanks.
No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

Noun Phrases

Noun
 Noun is a word that names a person, animals, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun.
 See the noun examples :
1. Persons : girl,boy, instructor, student, president.
2. Animals : Dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear.
3. Places : Gym, store, school, lake Minnetonka, Village, Europe.
4. Things : Computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, buss.
5. Ideas : Liberty, attention, compassion, workship.
 The function of noun in sentences:
1. Subject of the sentences
2. Predicate noun (also predicate nominative or subjective complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object complement (Objective complement)
 Gerunds can also be classified as noun
For example :
I like best is reading religious book.
The word is ‘reading religious book’ is a gerund

 Noun Phrase are phrases that function in the same way as nouns (subjects, direct subjects or indirect objects)
Noun phrases is a group word that does the work of a noun. A noun Phrases a either a pronoun or any group of words that can be replaced by a pronoun.

Finite Verbs

 Definition of finite verb :
a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verbs in a sentences. It shows tense (past/present, etc) or number (singular/plural), A finite verb makes an assertion or expresses a state of being and can stand by itself as the main verb of a sentence.
Example of finite verb
I cook, she reads, Anto went
Dina has eaten when Ria come in, By itself, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking
 Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.
Example of nonfinite verb
 Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
 This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
 Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight
The infinitive can have the following forms:
 The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle
For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

For example:
 If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
 Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
 I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
 He pretended to have seen the film.
 If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.
He decided to go ?
She has seen the film.
will they believe you?
Having finished their work, they left.
He was feeling ill.
He left the party feeling ill.
The girl who was sitting there has gone.
The girl sitting there has gone.
The girl has gone.
They expected it to have been cancelled.

Direct & Indirect Speech

Direct Speech
Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (“….”) and should be word for word.
Example :
My father said,”I’ll go to Bali tomorrow”.
He said, “open the door,Rahmad”
Jack said,“Watch your step,jim!”.
Heru said, “Don’t forget to mail my latter,Devi.”
Indirect Speech
Indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
Example :
My father said that he’d go to Bali The next day.
He told Rahmat to open the door.
Jack warned jim to watch his step.
Heru reminded Devi not to forget to mail his latter.

Asking for information

The use of WH-Questions
What, When, Where, Why, Who, How

Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name?
When was ……. He born?
Where are ………. The tickets?
Why were …………. They here?
Who are ……….. Those people?
How is ……. Helen?

Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
Etc

Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this novel
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it?
Do you know the plot?
Could you find out the solution?
Could I ask about the conflict?
Do you happen to know the writer?
Etc.

News Item

News Item is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
a) Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
b) Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
c) Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:
a. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
b. Generally using Simple Past Tense
c. Use of Material Processes to retell the event
d. Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
e. Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
f. focus on Circumstances
g. Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan.

Simple Feature Tense

The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.

The simple future is used :

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to". Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[S + will + verb1]

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.


IMPORTANT

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.


The Formula with verb sentence :

• Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object

• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object

• Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object


The formula with nominal sentence :

• Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement

• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement

• Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement

Passive Voice

Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verb using this construction and the passages in which they are used.


When rewriting active sentences in passive voices note the following:
- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
- The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + pas participate)
- The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Agent
In a passive clause, we usually we a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent-the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens

Example :
My Mother makes sandwich every morning
Subject + V1+ S/es + O + C(adv. Of time)

Sandwich is made by my mother every morning
Subject + to be + V3 agent C(adv. Of time)

Present Continuous :
S + to be + being + V3 (past participle)

Present Perfect :
S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)

Introductory it

Introductory it is a word that is used in a sentence, not influence the since of a sentence, because the since has been carried by the other element’s sentence.
Introductory it has function as a pronoun, “it” can be used as subject or object.
A. THE PLACE OF “IT”

1. In subject Position
• It + to be + adjective ……………….
- It is not difficult to understand the lesson.
• It + to be + noun ……………………
- It is a pity to spend the money that way.
• It + Linking Verb + adjective ……….
- It become useless to go on.
• It + verb + that clause………………...
- It happened that I was not out of town.

* When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with “it”.
Example :
Subject with clause : He was once a communist is true
Subject with introductory it : It is true that he was once a communist
2. In object position
• Subject + verb + it + adjective
- I think it wrong to cheat in the examination
- I found it easy to get the best score for English.

B. The uses of “it”
The use of “it” in sentences about time and weather.
• It + Be + Noun + Phrase
- It is ten o’clock
- It is Saturday
• It + Be + Adjective
- It is late
- It is nice today
• It + Verb
- It rains in the rainy season
- It snows in the winter

C. Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look. When the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
Example : it lookeddoubtful whether she would come.
D. The use of it in sentences about distance
Example 1 :
- From Madiun to Ngawi is 500 miles
* It is 500 miles from Madiun to Ngawi
Example 2 :
- From here to Matahari Plaza is 200 meters.
* It is 200 meters from here to Matahari Plaza or It is 200 meters to Matahari Plaza.

E. Other uses of “it”

I. To infinitive (to + V1)
- To understand this lesson is easy.
* It easy to understand this lesson.
II. Being/ verb + ing
- Being a good student is important
* It is important to be a good student
III. Should
- Parents should take care their children
* It is important for parents to take care their children.

F. Introductory it in questions
The introductory it sometimes used in questions
Example :
- Who was it that broke the window ?
- Why was it that stole the bread ?

Modals In the past Form

Modals are helping words that are used to express:
(1) possibility, (2)ability, (3)degree of certainty, and (4) level of authority

Kinds of modals such as:
Can, could, may,might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would.

Formula of modals is:
Modals + verb 1 + O/C.
Can be used in every tenses.
a. Could is the past tense of can
The modal auxiliary could is used
• To express an ability in the past:
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
• To express past or future permission:
Could i bury my cat in your back yard?
• To express present possibility:
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking

To express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances.
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.
• When could is used in the past, it means was able to.
Example:
I was able to find a parking space.

b. Would is the past tense of will
The modal auxiliary would is used

To express a reapeated action in the past
• When would is used in the past, it means “used to”, for example:
When i was younger, I would run two hours every day.
This means that i used to run two hours every day and now i don`t.

To express more polite (request)
Would you (please) feed the dog?
When would is used in the present, it show more polite.
• For unreal condition
Mary would go to the Caribbean, but she doesn`t have enough money.(present)
Mary would have gone to the Carribbean, but she didn`t have money.(past tense)
• Would, can is used in the past and present.
c. Might is the past tense of may.
• Is used to express of granting or seeking permission.
Might, I leave class early?
• To express future possibility.
She might be my advisor next semester.
• To express past possibility.
Desty came late this morning, she might have missed the bus.
• Might is considerably more tentative than may
d. Should is the past tense of shall.
Most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as ecpectation.

Narrative Text

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction, non fiction, tales, folktales, fables, myths, epic) and in it’s plot consist of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Kind of narrative text :
1. Legend (sangkuriang, malinkundang)
2. Fable (mouse dear and crocodile)
3. Fairy tale (Cinderella, snow white, pinocio)
4. Science fiction
5. Mystery
The generic structure of narrative text :
1. Orientation : Introducing characters and background characters in the story time.
2. Complication : The problems between these figures.
3. Resolution : Problems can be overcome.
4. Re-orientation (optional)
Other generic structure of the text :
• Evaluation : (optional) a step back to evaluate the plight (the narrator’s viewpoint)
• Coda : (optional) changes of the characters or lesson/ value of the story.

Example:

The Story of Sangkuriang and Tangkuban Perahu Mountain

Once, there was a kingdom in Priangan Land. Lived a happy family. They were a father in form of dog,his name is Tumang, a mother which was called is Dayang Sumbi, and a child which was called Sangkuriang.
One day, Dayang Sumbi asked her son to go hunting with his lovely dog, Tumang. After hunting all day, Sangkuriang began desperate and worried because he hunted no deer. Then he thought to shot his own dog. Then he took the dog liver and carried home.

Soon Dayang Sumbi found out that it was not deer lever but Tumang's, his own dog. So, She was very angry and hit Sangkuriang's head. In that incident, Sangkuriang got wounded and scar then cast away from their home.

Years go bye, Sangkuriang had travel many places and finally arrived at a village. He met a beautiful woman and felt in love with her. When they were discussing their wedding plans, The woman looked at the wound in Sangkuriang's head. It matched to her son's wound who had left severall years earlier. Soon she realized that she felt in love with her own son.

She couldn't marry him but how to say it. Then, she found the way. She needed a lake and a boat for celebrating their wedding day. Sangkuriang had to make them in one night. He built a lake. With a dawn just moment away and the boat was almost complete. Dayang Sumbi had to stop it. Then, she lit up the eastern horizon with flashes of light. It made the cock crowed for a new day.
Sangkuriang failed to marry her. She was very angry and kicked the boat. It felt over and became the mountain of Tangkuban Perahu Bandung.

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBER OR NOT

Formal Expression:

* I wonder if you remember.....
* You remember...., don’t you?
* You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
* Don’t you remember.....?
* you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

* Let me think, yes, I remember.
* I remember especially the scenery.
* I’ll never forget that
* I’ll always remember.
* I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

* Remember the old house we used to live in?
* Remember that?
* I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

* Hold on. Yes, got it!
* I know.....
* It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

* Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
* I’m affraid I forget.
* I really can’t remember.
* I’m afraid I have no memory of him
* Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Surprises & Desbelief

Expression disbelief is expression to not believe something or someone with reason or unreason. We can use expression disbieliefs when we don’t trust or believe something.

Asking if believe it or not

o Do you believe it?
o Wouldn’t you believe it?
o Can you imagine it?
o You don’t believe it, do you?
o Don’t you think it’s odd that……?

Responding to believe It or not

o No, I don’t believe it.
o Are you serious?
o Are you joking?
o Are you kidding?
o You must be joking/ kidding?
o Oh no! That’s not true!
o You don’t say!
o Seeing is believing.

Telling surprising news
o Guess what?
o Surprise!
o I’ve got news, for you.
o Do you now what?
o You won’t believ it!

Responding to believe or not

o Oh, no that’s not true
o You don’t say
o Really? That sound interesting
o Really? It’s surprising that….
o Seeing is believing
o Good heavens
o My goodness!
o This is really a surprise!

Example of surprise :

yudi: How can you say that?
Bani: Well, that’s the fact.


Example of disbeliefs

Alex : I went to Soraksan last weekend.
Andi : Really, who did you go with?
Alex : Only my girlfriend and I went.
Andi : You’re kidding… your girlfriend went with you? Did anyone else go?
Alex : No, just the two of us. We had a great time. We climbed Sorak Mountain, had dinner at the  Kensington Hotel and climbed up to Teetering Rock. It was incredible.
Andi : Let me get this straight. You and your girlfriend went alone to Sorak?
What about her folks and your folks, did they know about this trip.
Alex : Oh yeah…it was no problem.
Andi : Seriously,… I find this hard to believe… I know your parents, they wouldn’t allow this.
Alex : Honestly, it was no problem
Andi : Wow, I wish my folks were that liberal and open-minded.

Gratitude, Complement, Congratulation

Congratulations is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Expressing Gratitude:

• I should like to express my gratitude

• Thank you very much

• Thank for your help

• How can I thank you ?

• I’m very grateful to you

• I can’t thank you enough

• I’m very much obliged to you

Responding:

• It was the least I could do

• You’re welcome

• No big deal

• Don’t metion it

• It’s a pleasure

• That’s all right

• Any time

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will 

Some expressions of compliment:

· What a nice dress!

· You look great.

· You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.

· I really must express my admiration for your dance.

· Good grades!

· Excellent!

· Nice work!

· Good job!

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Some expression of gratitude:

· Thank you very much

· Thank you for your help

· I’m really very grateful to you

· You’re welcome

· Don’t mention it

· It’s a pleasure / My pleasure

· I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)

· I am grateful to your help

Responding gratitude:

· It was the least I could do.

· You’re welcome

· No big deal.

· Don’t mention it.

· It’s a pleasure.

· That’s alright.

· Any time.