Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verb using this construction and the passages in which they are used.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voices note the following:
- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
- The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + pas participate)
- The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually we a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent-the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens
Example :
My Mother makes sandwich every morning
Subject + V1+ S/es + O + C(adv. Of time)
Sandwich is made by my mother every morning
Subject + to be + V3 agent C(adv. Of time)
Present Continuous :
S + to be + being + V3 (past participle)
Present Perfect :
S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)
Rabu, 16 Februari 2011
Introductory it
Introductory it is a word that is used in a sentence, not influence the since of a sentence, because the since has been carried by the other element’s sentence.
Introductory it has function as a pronoun, “it” can be used as subject or object.
A. THE PLACE OF “IT”
1. In subject Position
• It + to be + adjective ……………….
- It is not difficult to understand the lesson.
• It + to be + noun ……………………
- It is a pity to spend the money that way.
• It + Linking Verb + adjective ……….
- It become useless to go on.
• It + verb + that clause………………...
- It happened that I was not out of town.
* When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with “it”.
Example :
Subject with clause : He was once a communist is true
Subject with introductory it : It is true that he was once a communist
2. In object position
• Subject + verb + it + adjective
- I think it wrong to cheat in the examination
- I found it easy to get the best score for English.
B. The uses of “it”
The use of “it” in sentences about time and weather.
• It + Be + Noun + Phrase
- It is ten o’clock
- It is Saturday
• It + Be + Adjective
- It is late
- It is nice today
• It + Verb
- It rains in the rainy season
- It snows in the winter
C. Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look. When the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
Example : it lookeddoubtful whether she would come.
D. The use of it in sentences about distance
Example 1 :
- From Madiun to Ngawi is 500 miles
* It is 500 miles from Madiun to Ngawi
Example 2 :
- From here to Matahari Plaza is 200 meters.
* It is 200 meters from here to Matahari Plaza or It is 200 meters to Matahari Plaza.
E. Other uses of “it”
I. To infinitive (to + V1)
- To understand this lesson is easy.
* It easy to understand this lesson.
II. Being/ verb + ing
- Being a good student is important
* It is important to be a good student
III. Should
- Parents should take care their children
* It is important for parents to take care their children.
F. Introductory it in questions
The introductory it sometimes used in questions
Example :
- Who was it that broke the window ?
- Why was it that stole the bread ?
Introductory it has function as a pronoun, “it” can be used as subject or object.
A. THE PLACE OF “IT”
1. In subject Position
• It + to be + adjective ……………….
- It is not difficult to understand the lesson.
• It + to be + noun ……………………
- It is a pity to spend the money that way.
• It + Linking Verb + adjective ……….
- It become useless to go on.
• It + verb + that clause………………...
- It happened that I was not out of town.
* When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with “it”.
Example :
Subject with clause : He was once a communist is true
Subject with introductory it : It is true that he was once a communist
2. In object position
• Subject + verb + it + adjective
- I think it wrong to cheat in the examination
- I found it easy to get the best score for English.
B. The uses of “it”
The use of “it” in sentences about time and weather.
• It + Be + Noun + Phrase
- It is ten o’clock
- It is Saturday
• It + Be + Adjective
- It is late
- It is nice today
• It + Verb
- It rains in the rainy season
- It snows in the winter
C. Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look. When the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
Example : it lookeddoubtful whether she would come.
D. The use of it in sentences about distance
Example 1 :
- From Madiun to Ngawi is 500 miles
* It is 500 miles from Madiun to Ngawi
Example 2 :
- From here to Matahari Plaza is 200 meters.
* It is 200 meters from here to Matahari Plaza or It is 200 meters to Matahari Plaza.
E. Other uses of “it”
I. To infinitive (to + V1)
- To understand this lesson is easy.
* It easy to understand this lesson.
II. Being/ verb + ing
- Being a good student is important
* It is important to be a good student
III. Should
- Parents should take care their children
* It is important for parents to take care their children.
F. Introductory it in questions
The introductory it sometimes used in questions
Example :
- Who was it that broke the window ?
- Why was it that stole the bread ?
Modals In the past Form
Modals are helping words that are used to express:
(1) possibility, (2)ability, (3)degree of certainty, and (4) level of authority
Kinds of modals such as:
Can, could, may,might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would.
Formula of modals is:
Modals + verb 1 + O/C.
Can be used in every tenses.
a. Could is the past tense of can
The modal auxiliary could is used
• To express an ability in the past:
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
• To express past or future permission:
Could i bury my cat in your back yard?
• To express present possibility:
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking
To express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances.
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.
• When could is used in the past, it means was able to.
Example:
I was able to find a parking space.
b. Would is the past tense of will
The modal auxiliary would is used
To express a reapeated action in the past
• When would is used in the past, it means “used to”, for example:
When i was younger, I would run two hours every day.
This means that i used to run two hours every day and now i don`t.
To express more polite (request)
Would you (please) feed the dog?
When would is used in the present, it show more polite.
• For unreal condition
Mary would go to the Caribbean, but she doesn`t have enough money.(present)
Mary would have gone to the Carribbean, but she didn`t have money.(past tense)
• Would, can is used in the past and present.
c. Might is the past tense of may.
• Is used to express of granting or seeking permission.
Might, I leave class early?
• To express future possibility.
She might be my advisor next semester.
• To express past possibility.
Desty came late this morning, she might have missed the bus.
• Might is considerably more tentative than may
d. Should is the past tense of shall.
Most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as ecpectation.
(1) possibility, (2)ability, (3)degree of certainty, and (4) level of authority
Kinds of modals such as:
Can, could, may,might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would.
Formula of modals is:
Modals + verb 1 + O/C.
Can be used in every tenses.
a. Could is the past tense of can
The modal auxiliary could is used
• To express an ability in the past:
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
• To express past or future permission:
Could i bury my cat in your back yard?
• To express present possibility:
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking
To express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances.
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.
• When could is used in the past, it means was able to.
Example:
I was able to find a parking space.
b. Would is the past tense of will
The modal auxiliary would is used
To express a reapeated action in the past
• When would is used in the past, it means “used to”, for example:
When i was younger, I would run two hours every day.
This means that i used to run two hours every day and now i don`t.
To express more polite (request)
Would you (please) feed the dog?
When would is used in the present, it show more polite.
• For unreal condition
Mary would go to the Caribbean, but she doesn`t have enough money.(present)
Mary would have gone to the Carribbean, but she didn`t have money.(past tense)
• Would, can is used in the past and present.
c. Might is the past tense of may.
• Is used to express of granting or seeking permission.
Might, I leave class early?
• To express future possibility.
She might be my advisor next semester.
• To express past possibility.
Desty came late this morning, she might have missed the bus.
• Might is considerably more tentative than may
d. Should is the past tense of shall.
Most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as ecpectation.
Narrative Text
Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction, non fiction, tales, folktales, fables, myths, epic) and in it’s plot consist of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
Kind of narrative text :
1. Legend (sangkuriang, malinkundang)
2. Fable (mouse dear and crocodile)
3. Fairy tale (Cinderella, snow white, pinocio)
4. Science fiction
5. Mystery
The generic structure of narrative text :
1. Orientation : Introducing characters and background characters in the story time.
2. Complication : The problems between these figures.
3. Resolution : Problems can be overcome.
4. Re-orientation (optional)
Other generic structure of the text :
• Evaluation : (optional) a step back to evaluate the plight (the narrator’s viewpoint)
• Coda : (optional) changes of the characters or lesson/ value of the story.
Example:
The Story of Sangkuriang and Tangkuban Perahu Mountain
Once, there was a kingdom in Priangan Land. Lived a happy family. They were a father in form of dog,his name is Tumang, a mother which was called is Dayang Sumbi, and a child which was called Sangkuriang.
One day, Dayang Sumbi asked her son to go hunting with his lovely dog, Tumang. After hunting all day, Sangkuriang began desperate and worried because he hunted no deer. Then he thought to shot his own dog. Then he took the dog liver and carried home.
Soon Dayang Sumbi found out that it was not deer lever but Tumang's, his own dog. So, She was very angry and hit Sangkuriang's head. In that incident, Sangkuriang got wounded and scar then cast away from their home.
Years go bye, Sangkuriang had travel many places and finally arrived at a village. He met a beautiful woman and felt in love with her. When they were discussing their wedding plans, The woman looked at the wound in Sangkuriang's head. It matched to her son's wound who had left severall years earlier. Soon she realized that she felt in love with her own son.
She couldn't marry him but how to say it. Then, she found the way. She needed a lake and a boat for celebrating their wedding day. Sangkuriang had to make them in one night. He built a lake. With a dawn just moment away and the boat was almost complete. Dayang Sumbi had to stop it. Then, she lit up the eastern horizon with flashes of light. It made the cock crowed for a new day.
Sangkuriang failed to marry her. She was very angry and kicked the boat. It felt over and became the mountain of Tangkuban Perahu Bandung.
Kind of narrative text :
1. Legend (sangkuriang, malinkundang)
2. Fable (mouse dear and crocodile)
3. Fairy tale (Cinderella, snow white, pinocio)
4. Science fiction
5. Mystery
The generic structure of narrative text :
1. Orientation : Introducing characters and background characters in the story time.
2. Complication : The problems between these figures.
3. Resolution : Problems can be overcome.
4. Re-orientation (optional)
Other generic structure of the text :
• Evaluation : (optional) a step back to evaluate the plight (the narrator’s viewpoint)
• Coda : (optional) changes of the characters or lesson/ value of the story.
Example:
The Story of Sangkuriang and Tangkuban Perahu Mountain
Once, there was a kingdom in Priangan Land. Lived a happy family. They were a father in form of dog,his name is Tumang, a mother which was called is Dayang Sumbi, and a child which was called Sangkuriang.
One day, Dayang Sumbi asked her son to go hunting with his lovely dog, Tumang. After hunting all day, Sangkuriang began desperate and worried because he hunted no deer. Then he thought to shot his own dog. Then he took the dog liver and carried home.
Soon Dayang Sumbi found out that it was not deer lever but Tumang's, his own dog. So, She was very angry and hit Sangkuriang's head. In that incident, Sangkuriang got wounded and scar then cast away from their home.
Years go bye, Sangkuriang had travel many places and finally arrived at a village. He met a beautiful woman and felt in love with her. When they were discussing their wedding plans, The woman looked at the wound in Sangkuriang's head. It matched to her son's wound who had left severall years earlier. Soon she realized that she felt in love with her own son.
She couldn't marry him but how to say it. Then, she found the way. She needed a lake and a boat for celebrating their wedding day. Sangkuriang had to make them in one night. He built a lake. With a dawn just moment away and the boat was almost complete. Dayang Sumbi had to stop it. Then, she lit up the eastern horizon with flashes of light. It made the cock crowed for a new day.
Sangkuriang failed to marry her. She was very angry and kicked the boat. It felt over and became the mountain of Tangkuban Perahu Bandung.
ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBER OR NOT
Formal Expression:
* I wonder if you remember.....
* You remember...., don’t you?
* You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
* Don’t you remember.....?
* you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:
* Let me think, yes, I remember.
* I remember especially the scenery.
* I’ll never forget that
* I’ll always remember.
* I can remember it clearly.
Informal expressions:
* Remember the old house we used to live in?
* Remember that?
* I’m sorry I don’t remember
Ways to respond:
* Hold on. Yes, got it!
* I know.....
* It’s coming back to me now.
Respond if you forget:
* Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
* I’m affraid I forget.
* I really can’t remember.
* I’m afraid I have no memory of him
* Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
* I wonder if you remember.....
* You remember...., don’t you?
* You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
* Don’t you remember.....?
* you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:
* Let me think, yes, I remember.
* I remember especially the scenery.
* I’ll never forget that
* I’ll always remember.
* I can remember it clearly.
Informal expressions:
* Remember the old house we used to live in?
* Remember that?
* I’m sorry I don’t remember
Ways to respond:
* Hold on. Yes, got it!
* I know.....
* It’s coming back to me now.
Respond if you forget:
* Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
* I’m affraid I forget.
* I really can’t remember.
* I’m afraid I have no memory of him
* Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
Surprises & Desbelief
Expression disbelief is expression to not believe something or someone with reason or unreason. We can use expression disbieliefs when we don’t trust or believe something.
Asking if believe it or not
o Do you believe it?
o Wouldn’t you believe it?
o Can you imagine it?
o You don’t believe it, do you?
o Don’t you think it’s odd that……?
Responding to believe It or not
o No, I don’t believe it.
o Are you serious?
o Are you joking?
o Are you kidding?
o You must be joking/ kidding?
o Oh no! That’s not true!
o You don’t say!
o Seeing is believing.
Telling surprising news
o Guess what?
o Surprise!
o I’ve got news, for you.
o Do you now what?
o You won’t believ it!
Responding to believe or not
o Oh, no that’s not true
o You don’t say
o Really? That sound interesting
o Really? It’s surprising that….
o Seeing is believing
o Good heavens
o My goodness!
o This is really a surprise!
Example of surprise :
yudi: How can you say that?
Bani: Well, that’s the fact.
Example of disbeliefs
Alex : I went to Soraksan last weekend.
Andi : Really, who did you go with?
Alex : Only my girlfriend and I went.
Andi : You’re kidding… your girlfriend went with you? Did anyone else go?
Alex : No, just the two of us. We had a great time. We climbed Sorak Mountain, had dinner at the Kensington Hotel and climbed up to Teetering Rock. It was incredible.
Andi : Let me get this straight. You and your girlfriend went alone to Sorak?
What about her folks and your folks, did they know about this trip.
Alex : Oh yeah…it was no problem.
Andi : Seriously,… I find this hard to believe… I know your parents, they wouldn’t allow this.
Alex : Honestly, it was no problem
Andi : Wow, I wish my folks were that liberal and open-minded.
Asking if believe it or not
o Do you believe it?
o Wouldn’t you believe it?
o Can you imagine it?
o You don’t believe it, do you?
o Don’t you think it’s odd that……?
Responding to believe It or not
o No, I don’t believe it.
o Are you serious?
o Are you joking?
o Are you kidding?
o You must be joking/ kidding?
o Oh no! That’s not true!
o You don’t say!
o Seeing is believing.
Telling surprising news
o Guess what?
o Surprise!
o I’ve got news, for you.
o Do you now what?
o You won’t believ it!
Responding to believe or not
o Oh, no that’s not true
o You don’t say
o Really? That sound interesting
o Really? It’s surprising that….
o Seeing is believing
o Good heavens
o My goodness!
o This is really a surprise!
Example of surprise :
yudi: How can you say that?
Bani: Well, that’s the fact.
Example of disbeliefs
Alex : I went to Soraksan last weekend.
Andi : Really, who did you go with?
Alex : Only my girlfriend and I went.
Andi : You’re kidding… your girlfriend went with you? Did anyone else go?
Alex : No, just the two of us. We had a great time. We climbed Sorak Mountain, had dinner at the Kensington Hotel and climbed up to Teetering Rock. It was incredible.
Andi : Let me get this straight. You and your girlfriend went alone to Sorak?
What about her folks and your folks, did they know about this trip.
Alex : Oh yeah…it was no problem.
Andi : Seriously,… I find this hard to believe… I know your parents, they wouldn’t allow this.
Alex : Honestly, it was no problem
Andi : Wow, I wish my folks were that liberal and open-minded.
Gratitude, Complement, Congratulation
Congratulations is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
Expressing Gratitude:
• I should like to express my gratitude
• Thank you very much
• Thank for your help
• How can I thank you ?
• I’m very grateful to you
• I can’t thank you enough
• I’m very much obliged to you
Responding:
• It was the least I could do
• You’re welcome
• No big deal
• Don’t metion it
• It’s a pleasure
• That’s all right
• Any time
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will
Some expressions of compliment:
· What a nice dress!
· You look great.
· You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
· I really must express my admiration for your dance.
· Good grades!
· Excellent!
· Nice work!
· Good job!
Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Some expression of gratitude:
· Thank you very much
· Thank you for your help
· I’m really very grateful to you
· You’re welcome
· Don’t mention it
· It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
· I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
· I am grateful to your help
Responding gratitude:
· It was the least I could do.
· You’re welcome
· No big deal.
· Don’t mention it.
· It’s a pleasure.
· That’s alright.
· Any time.
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)